Missouri Cannabis Legalization Timeline

Missouri's cannabis laws have evolved significantly over the past few years, with milestones in both medical and recreational cannabis legalization. Here's an overview of how the cannabis landscape in Missouri has developed and what you need to know about the current laws.

Medical Cannabis Legalization: 2018

In 2018, Missouri voters passed Amendment 2, legalizing medical cannabis for patients with qualifying conditions. With overwhelming support from voters (over 60% in favor), the state became the 33rd in the nation to legalize medical marijuana. This move paved the way for the development of Missouri's medical cannabis program, which has rapidly expanded to become one of the fastest-growing medical marijuana markets in the country.

Under this law, residents with qualifying medical conditions can apply for a medical marijuana card, which grants access to licensed dispensaries. While the program initially did not allow home cultivation, there has been ongoing discussion and advocacy regarding the addition of personal cultivation rights.

Implementation of Medical Cannabis Program: 2019

Following the approval of Amendment 2, the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (DHSS) began implementing the medical marijuana program. By 2020, medical cannabis dispensaries opened their doors, allowing registered patients to purchase their medicine. The state established a regulated framework for cultivation, manufacturing, and distribution, with strict oversight and licensing requirements for businesses. However, home cultivation for patients remained prohibited during this phase.

Recreational Cannabis Legalization: 2022

In November 2022, Missouri took a significant step forward by passing Amendment 3, which legalized recreational cannabis for adults aged 21 and older. With 53% of voters in favor, the state became the 21st in the nation to legalize recreational cannabis. This law not only allowed adults to legally possess and consume cannabis, but it also legalized home cultivation for personal use under certain conditions.

Amendment 3 expanded upon the existing medical cannabis law, allowing patients and caregivers to grow their own cannabis. It also laid the groundwork for recreational cannabis sales, which were expected to begin in 2023.

The Launch of Recreational Cannabis Market: 2023

In 2023, Missouri officially launched its recreational cannabis market, allowing adults aged 21 and older to purchase cannabis from licensed dispensaries. Initially, medical dispensaries served both medical and recreational customers, but the state expanded the number of dispensaries and product offerings as the market matured.

Along with recreational cannabis sales, Missouri issued licenses for cannabis cultivation and manufacturing businesses, solidifying the state's legal cannabis infrastructure. As a result, Missouri now boasts a dual cannabis market for both medical and recreational use, with the added benefit of home cultivation rights for those 21 and older.

Missouri Cannabis Laws in 2024

As of 2024, Missouri's cannabis laws provide a comprehensive framework for both medical and recreational use:

• Medical Cannabis:
  • Eligibility: Patients with qualifying conditions (such as cancer, epilepsy, and chronic pain) can apply for a medical marijuana card through the DHSS.
  • Possession Limits: Medical patients can possess up to 4 ounces of cannabis every 30 days.
  • Cultivation: Medical patients are now allowed to cultivate up to six plants for personal use in a secure, locked area.
  • Dispensaries: A wide variety of cannabis products are available at medical marijuana dispensaries across the state.
• Recreational Cannabis:
  • Eligibility: Adults 21 and older can legally purchase and possess cannabis for personal use.
  • Possession Limits: Individuals can possess up to 3 ounces of cannabis at home, and 1 ounce in public.
  • Cultivation: Missouri residents can grow up to six plants for personal use, with a limit of 12 plants per household.
  • Sales: Both medical and recreational cannabis are available for purchase at licensed dispensaries.
• Taxation: Missouri imposes a 6% excise tax on recreational cannabis sales, in addition to state and local sales taxes. This revenue funds various programs, including medical marijuana care, substance abuse treatment, and the expungement of non-violent cannabis convictions.
• Expungement and Social Justice: Amendment 3 includes provisions for expunging criminal records for individuals convicted of low-level cannabis offenses. Those convicted of marijuana possession of up to three pounds can have their records cleared, provided they meet certain criteria. This initiative is part of a broader effort to address the disproportionate impact of cannabis criminalization on minority communities.

What’s Next for Missouri Cannabis Laws?

Looking ahead, Missouri is expected to continue expanding its cannabis market, with more dispensaries opening and the state refining its regulations. Advocates are calling for lower taxes on cannabis products and increased flexibility in home cultivation. Additionally, as Missouri’s market grows, local ordinances may evolve to accommodate the cannabis industry, which could include adjustments in restrictions or bans in certain areas.

The expungement program is also likely to expand, allowing more individuals to benefit from Missouri's progress in criminal justice reform. Public health campaigns will focus on educating the public about responsible cannabis use, and ensuring that the state's cannabis market remains safe and accessible for all residents.

— Link Stone